Changes in the concentration of Ions in saliva and dental plaque after application of CPP-ACP with and without fluoride among 6-9 year old children

The casein phospho peptide-amorphous calcium phosphate with or without fluoride [CPP-ACPF and CPP-ACP respectively] are of considerably new materials which are highly recommended for prevention of dental caries. However, there is a shortage in literature on how they affect the ion concentration of saliva or dental plaque

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of calcium, phosphate and fluoride in the plaque and saliva of children with Early Childhood Caries [ECC] after applying the CPP-ACP paste in comparison with the use of CPP-ACPF paste

Materials and Methods: One ml of un-stimulated saliva of 25 preschool children was collected and then 1 mg of the plaque sample was collected from the buccal surfaces of the two first primary molars on the upper jaw. CPP-ACP as well as CPP-ACPF pastes were applied on the tooth surfaces in two separate steps. In steps, plaque and saliva sampling was performed after 60 minutes. The amount of calcium ions was measured by Atomic Absorption Device and the amount of phosphate and fluoride ions was measured by Ion Chromatography instrument. Data were analyzed using Repeated Measurements ANOVA at a p < 0.05 level of significance

Results: Application of both CPP-ACPF and CPP-ACP significantly increased the concentration of calcium, phosphate, and fluoride in both saliva and dental plaque. Moreover, significantly higher salivary fluoride concentration was seen after application of CPP-ACPF compared to CPP-ACP. No other significant difference was observed between these two materials

Conclusions: CPP-ACPF can be more useful than CPP-ACP in protecting the primary teeth against caries process, especially when there is poor hygiene

Concentration of calcium, phosphate and fluoride ions in microbial plaque and saliva after using CPP-ACP paste in 6-9 year-old children

Statement of Problem: Dental caries is one of the most common chronic diseases in children. The balance between demineralization and remineralization of the decayed teeth depends on the calcium and phosphate content of the tooth surface. Therefore, if a product such as casein phospho peptides - amorphous calcium phosphate [CPP-ACP] which can significantly increase the availability of calcium and phosphate in the plaque and saliva should have an anti-caries protective effect

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the concentration of calcium, phosphate and fluoride in the plaque and saliva of children before and after applying the CPP-ACP paste

Materials and Methods: A total of 25 children aged between 6-9 years were selected for this clinical trial study. At first, 1 ml of unstimulated saliva was collected and then 1 mg of the plaque sample was collected from the buccal surfaces of the two first primary molars on the upper jaw. In the next step, CPP-ACP paste [GC Corp, Japan] was applied on the tooth surfaces and then the plaque and saliva sampling was performed after 60 minutes. The amount of calcium ions was measured by Ion meter instrument [Metrohm Co, Swiss] and the amounts of phosphate and fluoride ions were measured by Ion Chromatography instrument [Metrohm Co, Swiss]. Data were analyzed using paired t-test at a p < 0.05 level of significance

Results: There were statistically significant differences in the calcium and phosphate concentration of the saliva and plaque before and after applying the CPP-ACP paste. There were also statistically significant differences in the fluoride levels of the plaque before and after applying the CPP-ACP paste. However, there were no statistically significant differences in the fluoride levels of the saliva before and after applying the CPP-ACP paste

Conclusions: In this study, the use of the CPP-ACP paste significantly increased the fluoride levels of the plaque and the calcium and phosphate levels of both saliva and plaque. Hence, CPP-ACP paste can facilitate the remineralization of tooth surfaces and is useful for protecting the primary teeth

[ prediction of quality of life based on personality traits and type of intelligence in women]

Introduction: Recent studies of quality of life as what philosophers such as Plato, for centuries, has referred to the [good life] is defined

Objective: The goal of the present study was to investigate the prediction of the quality of life based on personality traits and the type of intelligence in women

Method: The research method was correlation. The population included all the married women in Markezi and Tehran provinces in 1914. 504 participants were chosen on the basis of cluster sampling. The tools of research were NEO questionnaire, cognitive, spiritual, emotional, moral, cultural intelligence questionnaires

Results: The results obtained from the analysis of the data showed that there was a significant positive relation between the quality of life and Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness. Also there was a significant negative relation between the quality of life and Neuroticism. Also there was a significant positive relation between the quality of life and cognitive, spiritual, emotional, moral, cultural intelligences

Conclusion: According to the results of this study, knowledge of personality traits and the types of intelligence plays an important role in improving the quality of life

[Antioxidant activity of different extracts of the Artemisia Annua growing in an area of Babol city]

Background: Plants are an important source of antioxidants that can help to cell's normal metabolism via preventing accumulation of free radicals and so, prevent developing diseases associated with oxidative stress. Thus, the present study was performed to determine the antioxidant properties of Artemissia Annua extracts [AA].

Methods and materials: at first, Artemisia Annua with a local name as Gandvash identified and then some parts of its leaves and flowers into powder. Extracting was done using water, ethanol and methanol solvent. FRAP assay was performed to determine the antioxidant properties. For this purpose, extract solutions with 20% concentration were added to FRAP solution and after incubation, the optical absorption values was measured. The ferrous sulfate and vitamin C were used as standard solutions.

Results: the Mean total antioxidant capacity [TAC] for methanolic leaves extract was 72.18 +/- 4.18 micro mol ferrous sulfate and 90.31 +/- 5.27 mg of vitamin C per gram of dry weight, which is considerably higher than other extracts [p<0.001] . TAC of Ethanolic extract of leaves and Methanolic extract of flowers ranked lower in terms of significance . There was no significant difference between aqueous extracts of leaves and flowers in TAC [p>0.05] while, the ethanol extract of the leaves and flowers were different significantly [p <0.01]

Conclusion: Various extracts of A.A showed different TAC values which may result from some differences in efficiency level of solvents used in extracting of plant's antioxidant substances. It seems that the methanol is better solvent in comparison to the ethanol and water for extracting of antioxidant materials.besides, The TAC findings of methanolic extracts of leaves and flowers suggest this is likely that the A.A antioxidant compounds distributed more in the leaves.

Evaluation of haematological and biochemical changes after short term tramadol usage in healthy dogs

Tramadol is a synthetic, centrally acting opioid analgesic that has the best analgesic efficacy without excessive sedation and significant side effects in the postoperative pain relief in dogs. In this study, hematological and biochemical changes due to short usage of tramadol were assessed in clinically healthy dogs. For this purpose, eighteen male mongrel dogs aged 14 to 22 months were used in three equal groups. In the first and second groups respectively [2 and 5 mg/kg] intramuscular tramadol and in control group distillate water was given once a day for five consecutive days. Complete cell blood count [CBC] and biochemical evaluation were done to measure aspartate amino-transferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], lactate dehydrogenase [LDH], creatinin [Cr], and blood urea nitrogen [BUN] levels, before the intervention [day 0] and on days 6 and 13, post-treatment. Thirteen days post treatment, Red blood cell [RBC] and white blood cell [WBC] count and ALT, AST, ALP, Cr, BUN and packed cell volume [PCV] level was measured as 6.75 +/- 0.03, 3.86 +/- 0.13, 40.00 +/- 7.98, 43.67 +/- 8.62, 57.00 +/- 17.03, 0.90 +/- 0.27, 25.00 +/- 5.48 and 40.13 +/- 2.88 respectively which showed that short-term injection of even high doses of tramadol creates no significant change on hematological, liver, and kidney parameters in dogs. The present study suggests that tramadol could be a safe postoperative analgesic for control of acute pain in dogs referred for routine surgical procedures

cross-sectional study of the seroprevalence and flock-level factors associated with ovine and caprine brucellosis in southeastern Iran

This cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate seroprevalence and to identify flock-level factors associated with seropositivity to brucellosis in small ruminants in Kerman province, southeastern Iran. In October-November 2011, serum samples were randomly collected from 1767 sheep and 1233 goats, older than 18 months, from 300 flocks. The sera were initially screened for the presence of anti-Brucella antibodies using the Rose-Bengal test; those found to be positive were then examined by Wright and 2-mercaptoethanol Brucella agglutination tests. A questionnaire was used to collect data on flock-level factors likely associated with the within flock seroprevalence of brucellosis. The associations were statistically evaluated for significance in multivariable logistic models. Sixty three flocks [21.00%; 95% CI: 16.80-26.60] had at least one seropositive animal. The mean within-flock seroprevalence was 3.10% [95% CI: 2.60-3.90]. The presence of newly purchased animals [OR=3.42; 95% CI: 1.35-8.65] was significantly associated with seropositivity. Our findings highlight the role of animal movement among flocks in the epidemiology of brucellosis in this region. Thus, a control program for brucellosis in the region is suggested to impose appropriate restrictions on animal trade and improve knowledge of livestock owners about quarantine principles for newly purchased animals

Evaluation of therapeutic effects of a 5-day intrauterine infusion of 6% Eucalyptus globulus oil solution on mares with experimentally induced endometritis with Streptococcus zooepidemicus

Endometritis is one of the major causes of infertility in mares. The present study was conducted to evaluate intrauterine infusion of Eucalyptus globulus oil as treatment for mares with experimentally induced endometritis. Mares [n=8] were synchronized using two injections of PGF 2alpha [10 mg]14 days apart. All mares were inoculated with a live culture of 5 × 10[6] CFU S. zooepidemicus in the dioestrus phase after the termination of oestrus. The day of inoculation was considered as day 0 of the experiment. On days 3, 6 and 9, cytological and bacteriological specimens were collected to determine endometritis. Mares were randomly assigned to two groups on day 10. Mares in treatment [n=4] and control [n=4] groups received intrauterine 6% Eucalyptus oil solution [100 ml] and intrauterine saline solution [100 ml] for 5 consecutive days. Cytological, bacteriological, and ultrasonographic evaluations were implemented at days 15, 17 and 19 [1, 3 and 5 days after termination of intrauterine treatment, respectively]. The number of mares diagnosed with endometritis, the depth of their intraluminal uterine fluid and the number of infected mares did not change by the treatment [P>0.05]. In conclusion, the 5-day intrauterine infusion of 6% E. globulus oil solution failed to treat experimental endometritis in mares

Quality of raw milk in Kerman province

Microbiological and chemical qualities of milk are among the most important issues in public health. Although there are a few published studies which have been conducted in south east of Iran this study was performed to investigate quality of raw milk delivered to a dairy industry company Kerman Province. A total of 109 raw milk samples were collected at the time of delivering to the company. All the samples were transferred to the food lab of Veterinary School for total counting and psychotropic and Staphylococcus aureus counting. The chemical contents, residues of microbial inhibitors and Beta Lactam antibiotics residues were evaluated by Lactostar, Copan kit and Beta star test, respectively, and somatic cells were counted by a cell counter. Based on the comparison with national standard criteria, only 26 out of 109 samples [23.8; 95% CI: 16.2- 33.0] were at standard limits in terms of all the factors. A large number of out-of-standard sample [50 out of 83], were in contrast with the defined criterion due to low protein. Classification of the samples based on all the defined criteria without considering protein content showed that the main problem of the milk was its low protein percent

[Geographical distribution of mouse and mouse-borne diseases in Iran: a review article]

Mice as a reservoir and potential source of some zoonotic disease play an important role in transferring and spreading of infectious diseases. Considering the important role of mice in transmitting diseases to human, this study aimed to evaluate the geographic distribution of mouse and mouse-borne diseases. This review article was carried out using keywords: rodents, Yersinia, Tularemia, Salmonellosis and the terms for other diseases caused by mouse. Ovid, PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, Systematic Review, SID, Scirus and Google scholar databases were searched to find the relevant articles. A total number of 600 articles were retrieved and their titles and abstracts were reviewed. The irrelevant articles were excluded and the eligible ones selected and finally the results were analyzed. Findings of this study indicated a new geographical distribution for mouse and mouse-borne diseases in Iran . Moreover, the results of this study clearly showed the types of disease transmission and distribution by mice in Iran. Such places can be labeled as high-risk areas in order to use the effective control methods. Results show that mice are the important reservoirs of diseases in Iran. Important foci of the diseases in almost all areas of Iran are dispersed. Therefore, reliable methods to control mice are important

Common methods to treat addiction in treatment- rehabilitation centers in Tehran

This study was to determine common methods to treat addiction used by patients checked into Outpatient Treatment and Rehabilitation Clinics in Tehran. The study was conducted in Social Security affiliated outpatient clinics including three governmental and several private centers in 22 districts of Tehran. Demographic data, personal information, social characteristics and information regarding prevention, treatment, and follow-up records of 1,372 patients were obtained and analyzed. A majority of cases referring to the treatment centers were male [95.2%]. Patients were 14 to 75 yr [mean 35.48 +/- 10.57 yr]; 61.7% were married and lived in rented homes in the city; 938/1372 [68.4%] had at least one previous attempt failure when seeking re-treatment. A majority of them [77.8%] had a history of 1 to 4 quit attempts; a number 63.1% had an abstinence period of 1 week to 6 months. The majority of our understudy subjects had a history of previous attempts to treat their addiction with a maximum abstinence period of 6 months

[Evaluation of published articles in the journal of the faculty of veterinary medicine, University of Tehran between 2000 and 2009]

Designing and application of experimental studies in veterinary medicine have been given paid more attention in recent years. This review aimed to evaluate the methodological quality of all published articles in Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran between 2000 and 2009.Evaluation studies with experimental designs were identified by reviewing titles and abstracts. Two reviewers coded reporting quality of articles. Of the 738 total published articles, 289 [39.16%] articles had experimental designs. Sample size was reported in 93.4% of studies, only 36% of studies explained their study design clearly and randomization was reported only in 33. 6%. The ethical approval was mentioned in only two percent. Seventy six percent studies had comparison group. The quality of reporting of experimental studies in the Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine was not generally acceptable. Therefore it is felt that authors should consider more necessary criteria for standard publication in veterinary journals

[Evaluasion and comparison of washed RBCs by closed and open systems]

Leukocyte filters are effective for WBC reduction but they cannot inhibit passing plasma proteins and as a result repeated protein entry may produce allergic transfusion reactions. To deal with this problem, washed RBC method is used. The traditional wash method is an open system through which waste products are carried away in sewers with the risk of environmental pollution. Newly introduced approach for washed RBCs consists of a closed system whereby waste products enter into a bag. In this study, the two methods were compared. The Two open and close wash methods were compared in terms of health system, leukoreduction, risk of transmission of infection and quality control. In each method, 100 bags were washed, coded and then transmitted to different units of blood culture, flowcytometry as well as quality control. The data were collected and analyzed by SPSS14. 200 bags [100 for each method] were studied. Microbiologically, there were no positive results for any of the methods. In quality control also there was not any significant difference in the two methods. In flowcytometry, we didn.t observe any significant correlation in leukocyte count in the two methods before washing [p=0.072], however.there was correlation between them after washing [p<0.0001], demonstrating that the new method was better for leukoreduction. The new washing system method was a superior way because it involves a close system where waste products are discharged into a side bag and disposed as hospital waste. Meanwhile, this approach is more convenient for leukoreduction. In our country, since we still need a washing system for some transfusions, this method is deemed to be a decent and practical one because it impedes environmental pollution

Evaluation and comparison of washed RBCs by closed and open systems

Leukocyte filters are effective for WBC reduction but they cannot inhibit passing plasma proteins and as a result repeated protein entry may produce allergic transfusion reactions. To deal with this problem, washed RBC method is used. The traditional wash method is an open system through which waste products are carried away in sewers with the risk of environmental pollution. Newly introduced approach for washed RBCs consists of a closed system whereby waste products enter into a bag. In this study, the two methods were compared. The two open and closed wash methods were compared in terms of health system, leukoreduction, risk of transmission of infection and quality control. In each method, 100 bags were washed, coded and then transmitted to different units of blood culture, flowcytometry as well as quality control. The data were collected and analyzed by SPSS 14. 200 bags [100 for each method] were studied. Microbiologically, there were no positive results for any of the methods. In quality control also there was not any significant difference in the two methods. In flowcytometry, we didn't observe any significant correlation in leukocyte count in the two methods before washing [p=0.072], however. The correlation between them after washing [p<0.0001], demonstrating that the new method was better for leukoreduction. The new washing system method was a superior way because it involves a closed system where waste products are discharged into a side bag and disposed as hospital waste. Meanwhile, this approach is more convenient for leukoreduction. In our country, since we still need a washing system for some transfusions, this method is deemed to be a decent and practical one because it impedes environmental pollution

[ comparison between touch cytology and histology method in diagnosing Helicobacter pylori infection]

Touch cytology is one of the sensitive ways of diagnosing Helicobacter pylori in stomach biopsies. The current study was designed to compare touch cytology with histology method in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. This study was performed on 150 dyspeptic patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in Kashan Shahid Beheshti Hospital. Antrum samples [2-4] were taken from each of 150 patients. One biopsy sample was considered for touch cytology and the remaining biopsy samples were studied for histological examination. Eighty-three out of 150 patients [55.3%] were men with the mean age of 46.63 +/- 5.93 years. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value in the touch cytology method were 95.65%, 100%, 100% and 66%, respectively, while in the histology method they were 84.78%, 100%, 100% and 36.36%, respectively. The sensitivity of the touch cytology was more than that of the histology method [P<0.001] in the diagnosis of H. pylori. Since the cytology method is more sensitive with equal specificities in relation to histology method, when the histological information is not necessary, the cytology method can be considered more reliable for diagnosing Helicobacter pylori

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in cats referring to Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Tehran [2006-2007]

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia [IMHA] is characterized by the destruction of erythrocytes or sometimes bone marrow erythroid precursors mediated by immunoglobulins [IgG, IgM], with or without complement [C[3]]. The main objectives of this study were to assess the laboratory test results of IMHA and to investigate its possible underlying causes in cats referring to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Tehran. The Coombs' test [CT] was performed in 74 cats with PCV below 0.35. The test was positive in 26 cats. These positive CT cats were categorized into four groups based on the PCV ranges and type of anemia including: Group A: 9 of 26 cats had nonregenerative anemia [PCV median, 0.22] [1 feline leukemia virus positive which had erythroleukemia, 1 feline infectious peritonitis positive, 1 with Hemoplasma spp., 3 with renal failure, 2 with inflammatory disease and 1 with no diagnosis]. Group B: 4 cats [PCV median, 0.31] had a regenerative anemia with severe dehydration. Group C: the other 9 cats with a normal range of PCV [median, 0.34] involved with various conditions [vaccination, parturition, acetaminophen poisoning, osteoporosis, and renal failure]. Group D: the remaining 4 cats with a marginal range of PCV [median, 0.30] had a history of inflammatory disease and drug therapy. The results of this study indicated that infectious diseases and drug therapy were the main factors associated with positive Coombs' test results

Para clinical studies of ethanol extract of achillea millefolium L. on electrocardiogram, cardiac enzymes and serum electrolytes in sheep

Achillea millefolium has been used for centuries in traditional medicine. It has many indications including treatment of heart weakness, hypertension cerebral and coronary thrombosis in traditional system of medicine. The purpose of this study is an investigation on effects of Achillea millefolium total extract on electrocardiogram, cardiac enzymes and serum electrolytes in sheep. In this study, 12 clinically healthy sheep were divided into 2 groups of treatment and control. The treatment group were administered intravenously a total extract of Achillea millefolium in the dose of 20 mg/kg. The control group received normal saline. Base-apex electrocardiogram was recorded in 0, 5,15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after administration and blood samples were collected in 0, 2, 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours after administration. Serum cTnT, CK-MB, AST, Na, P, K, Ca, Mg and Cl were measured. Total extract of Achillea millefolium significantly [p<0.05] increased P amplitude after 5 and 90 minutes and S amplitude after 120 minutes; and decreased T duration after 15 minutes following administration. Achillea millefolium had no significant effect on serum enzymes and electrolytes. Regarding that Achillea millefolium extract increased cardiac contractility after 2 hours, detailed studies on the active constituents are needed which might provide new insight in cardiovascular drugs

Detection and identification of virulent Yersinia ruckeri: the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease in rainbow trout [Oncorhynchus mykiss] cultured in Fars province, Iran

From the winter 2002 to spring 2006, 126 moribund rainbow trout with clinical signs of external body haemorrhages around and within the oral cavity were sampled from 10 rainbow trout farms situated in the northwest and west of Fars province, Iran and examined for the detection and identification of Yersinia ruckeri, the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease. Fish kidneys were cultured aseptically on brain heart infusion [BHI] agar plates and incubated at 25°C for 48 h. Using conventional biochemical tests, Y. ruckeri was detected in 7 fish [5.5% of total fish sampled]. This was also confirmed using specific polymerase chain reaction [PCR] assay. The 16S rDNA PCR assays produced amplicons of 409 bp when applied to Y. ruckeri isolates as well as a reference strain. Results of antibiogram tests on Y. ruckeri isolates showed a high susceptibility to enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, trimethoprim and oxytetracycline. In pathogenicity tests, dilution of 4 x 10[8] colony forming unit/ml of Y. ruckeri by immersion route in challenge experiments showed 70 +/- 8.2% mortality during 14 days post-infection. Experimentally infected fish showed typical haemorrhages in mouth, blackening of skin, exophthalmia and a wide haemorrhages on the internal organs

Prevalence of smoking among high-school students of Tehran in 2003

This study in 2003 determined the prevalence of smoking and its associated factors among high-school students in Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. Out of 1095 students aged 14-18 years, 29% [31% boys, 26% girls] were occasional and 5% [6% boys and 2% girls] daily smokers. Among occasional smokers, 21% had family members who also smoked, whereas for students who had never tried smoking, no family members smoked. Of 316 occasional smokers, 12% lived with a single parent compared with only 5% of never smokers. Regression analysis showed that significant risk factors for daily smoking were: having a brother or sister who smokes [OR = 8.58] and having more than 1 family member who smokes [OR = 6.33]

[ effect of family on cigarette consumption among high school students in Tehran-2003]

Cigarette is the first cause of morbidity and mortality in the world that can be prevented. Since the family has an essential role in forming the character of teenagers, evaluating the relationship between cigarette consumption of family members and teenager's smoking is very important. For this purpose, a study was designed based on WHO and GYST questionnaires in which 1095 high school students were randomly selected from different areas of Tehran city in the years 2002 and 2003 of this study showed that 28.9% of students [25.5% male and 30.8% female] were occasional smokers [P=0.07] and 4.4% of students [6.01% male and 1.6% female] were daily smokers [P=0.001]. 23.6% of students whose family members didn't smoke, were occasional smokers whereas 53.4% of students who had one or more smokers in their family, were occasional smokers [P=0.0001]. The frequency of daily smokers among the students were 2.6% and 14.3% respectively [P<0.0001]. 27.3% of students who lived with both parents smoked occasionally but in students who lived with one of their parents it increased to 52.4% [P<0.0001]. The results of regression analysis show that training and encouraging family members in regard to smoking cessation and also having a stable family environment are very important factors to prevent the initiation and continuation of smoking in teenagers

[Related factors with intervals between pregnancies in women who referred to health center of Boushehr city in 2005]

Short intervals between pregnancies will be dangerous and will have some undesirable results like low birth weight, small for gestational age, still birth and neonatal death for the child and death danger, third trimester bleeding, premature rupture of membrane, endometritis and anemia for the mothers. This matter caused many countries specially Iran to accept proper intervening strategies between births. Therefore, present study has been done with the aim to determine related causes with pregnancy intervals in women at Boushehr city. This is a descriptive analytical study. Samples were women who had more than one child and referred to health centers of Boushehr city in 2005. Cluster sampling consisting of 311 samples was carried out. There were six clusters each of 50 samples selected from six centers. To collect data' a questionnaire including 26 demographic variable and questions like parent's educational level and accupation, marriage age of mother, age of mother at first pregnancy, number of children, etc was used. The interval of last two deliveries of 20[6.5%], 25 [8.0%], 41 [13.2%] and 225 [72.3%] women was less than one year, one to two years, two to three years and more than three years respectively. Among effective factors on pregnancy intervals, job, age at the first pregnancy and age at the time of last delivery of mother showed significant relation with their pregnancy intervals. Considering the risks of short interval pregnancies and their effective factors, suitable planning by authorities to provide educational program is suggested